Interview Questions on Machine Learning

You’ve got a data set to work having p (no. of variable) > n (no. of observation). Why is OLS as bad option to work with? Which techniques would be best to use? Why?

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In such high dimensional data sets, we can’t use classical regression techniques, since their assumptions tend to fail. When p > n, we can no longer calculate a unique least square coefficient estimate, the variances become infinite, so OLS cannot be used at all. To combat this situation, we can use penalized regression methods like … Read more

You’ve built a random forest model with 10000 trees. You got delighted after getting training error as 0.00. But, the validation error is 34.23. What is going on? Haven’t you trained your model perfectly?

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The model has overfitted. Training error 0.00 means the classifier has mimiced the training data patterns to an extent, that they are not available in the unseen data. Hence, when this classifier was run on unseen sample, it couldn’t find those patterns and returned prediction with higher error. In random forest, it happens when we … Read more

Running a binary classification tree algorithm is the easy part. Do you know how does a tree splitting takes place i.e. how does the tree decide which variable to split at the root node and succeeding nodes?

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A classification trees makes decision based on Gini Index and Node Entropy. In simple words, the tree algorithm find the best possible feature which can divide the data set into purest possible children nodes. Gini index says, if we select two items from a population at random then they must be of same class and … Read more

Both being tree based algorithm, how is random forest different from Gradient boosting algorithm (GBM)?

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The fundamental difference is, random forest uses bagging technique to make predictions. GBM uses boosting techniques to make predictions. In bagging technique, a data set is divided into n samples using randomized sampling. Then, using a single learning algorithm a model is build on all samples. Later, the resultant predictions are combined using voting or … Read more

Is it possible capture the correlation between continuous and categorical variable? If yes, how?

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Yes, we can use ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) technique to capture association between continuous and categorical variables. Yes, it is possible to capture the correlation between a continuous and a categorical variable. One commonly used method is to calculate the point-biserial correlation coefficient (r_pb), also known as the point-biserial correlation, which measures the relationship between … Read more