As the name suggests “Tree” topology has several connected elements arranges like the branches of a tree. The structure has at least three specific levels in the hierarchy. These are scalable and accessible while troubleshooting and are so preferred. A common drawback in this topology is the hindrance or malfunctioning of the primary node.

In the context of networking, a tree topology is a hierarchical arrangement of network nodes where the nodes are organized in a manner resembling a tree structure. In a tree topology:

Root Node: There is a single central node, called the root node, which serves as the starting point of the tree.
Levels: The nodes in the tree are organized into levels, with the root node being at the highest level (level 0). Each subsequent level consists of nodes that are connected to the nodes at the previous level.
Parent-Child Relationship: Nodes in the tree have a parent-child relationship. Each node (except the root) has exactly one parent node and zero or more child nodes.
Branches: The connections between nodes in the tree form branches. Each branch represents a path from a parent node to its child node.
Directionality: Communication typically flows downward from the root node to the leaf nodes, although some implementations may allow bidirectional communication.
Scalability: Tree topologies are scalable and can accommodate a large number of nodes by adding additional levels or branches.
Fault Tolerance: Tree topologies offer some level of fault tolerance. If a node or branch fails, only the nodes connected to that branch are affected, while the rest of the network remains operational.

Tree topologies are commonly used in networking environments where a centralized control or distribution point is desired, such as in hierarchical LAN architectures or in wide area networks (WANs) where data needs to be routed efficiently through multiple interconnected sites. Examples of tree topologies include hierarchical Ethernet LANs and some types of telecommunication networks.